动词的各种时态及其意义
有关背景常识介绍：
英语是通过谓语动词的各种表现形式 -- 时态，来标明谓语动词与时间的相对关系。 e.g. She is sick. 谓语部分是一般目前时态,结合一般目前时的结构的一种语意：表示目前存在的某个客观事实，所以判断该句的意思是她生病了; e.g. Mary gets up at six oclock every morning. 谓语部分是一般目前时态, 结合句子中状语结构的意思，判断这个的意思是玛丽天天早晨6点起床。从这个句子大家又获悉了一般目前时的结构的另一种语意：表示用于描述目前反复发生或习惯性的动作。
在时态上出题也是容易见到的考试知识点， 如：2005年综合C阅读判断的第一题：
For 2,005 years, Ireland has been the best place for humans to live in.
A. right B. wrong C. not mentioned
1. B。 剖析： 问题句的谓语部分用的是目前完成时态， 该时态表明谓语部分所表示的动作或状况是从过去某个时间开始， 一直持续到目前，并强调对目前所产生的影响。大家常常用中文中表示持续性的状语结构一直来翻译英语的完成时态， 所以该问题句的意思是在2005年的时间里，爱尔兰一直是比较适合人类居住的地方。 文章中的答案有关句是：Ireland is the best place in the world to live in for 2005, according to a life quality ranking that appeared in Britains Economist1 magazine last week.划线结构用的是一般目前时态， 该时态用于描述在2005年的一个客观事实：爱尔兰是2005年世界上比较适合居住的地方 ， 显然问题句的时态和句意内容与文章中有关句的局势和句意内容不同， 因此判断问题句的说法错误。
职称英语中常见的英语动词时态
Ⅰ、一般目前时
结构形式：
动词be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are。
动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其余一律用have。
行为动词第三人称单数由动词原形+s或es构成，如learns, teaches, goes, studies等主，其余一律用动词原形。
基本使用方法：
用于表示客观事实，目前反复发生或习惯性的动作与存在的特点、状况等，常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom, never等时间状语连用。
e.g. The earth moves around the sun.
e.g. He is a physician.
表示按计划或安排好的以后的动作，常用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。
e.g. There is a dancing party tonight.
e.g. They arrive in Beijing tomorrow morning.
用在时间或条件状语从句中表示以后的动作。
e.g. When you see them, we will come to Beijing.
e.g. If there is anything I can do for you, please let me know.
一般目前时态否定结构:
1) 假如谓语部分是行为动词，在构成否定结构时，需要在谓语结构中的行为动词的前面添加助动词和否定副词：主语是第三人称单数时， 所添加的助动词是does， 其他主语，则在句子中添加助动词 do。
e.g. The earth doesnt move around/round the moon.
e.g. They dont arrive in Beijing tomorrow morning.
2) 假如谓语部分是be动词， 在构成否定结构时仅需直接在be的后面添加否定副词not。
e.g. He isnt a physician.
e.g. There isnt any paper on the desk.
一般目前时态疑问结构：简单提一下:
e.g. The earth moves around the sun. -- Does the earth move around the sun?
e.g. He is a physician. Is he a physician?
e.g. They dont arrive in Beijing tomorrow morning.Dont they arrive in Beijing tomorrow morning?
训练与领会：
Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine3, which is powerful poison, and black tar2. As smoke is breathed in, all those components4 form deposits5 on the membranes6 of the lungs.
Ⅱ、一般过去时
1. 形式
1) 动词be除第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was外，其余一律用were。
2) 动词have一律用had。
3) 行为动词过去时的形式分两种：规则动词和不规则动词。前者由动词原形+d构成，如worked, used, studied, sTOPped等，后者如made, said, wrote等，是不规则的构成形式， 须逐个记忆。
过去式/过去分词构成不规则的动词，容易见到的有：
make made made;
say said said
write wrote written
go went gone
do did done
leave left left
sleep slept slept
rise rose risen
arise arose arisen
drive --drove driven
drink drunk drunk
take took taken
put put put
beat beat beaten
come came come
run ran run
choose chose chosen
give gave given
cut cutcut
break broke broken
meet met --met
ring rang rung
beat beat --beaten
一般过去时态基本使用方法
用于表示过去的某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状况。常与表明过去时间的状语连用，如yesterday, then, just now, that month, two days ago, 或由when或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。
e.g. We met him last month.
e.g. They stayed at home yesterday.
e.g. He was a doctor.
一般过去时态否定结构的构成：
1)假如谓语部分是行为动词，在构成否定结构时， 需要在谓语结构中的行为动词的前面添加助动词did和否定副词，并且需要把原来谓语部分的过去分词结构还原成动词的原形。
e.g. We met him last month.-- We didnt meet him last month.
e.g. They stayed at home yesterday.They didnt stay at home yesterday.
2) 假如谓语部分是be动词， 在构成否定结构时仅需直接在be的后面添加否定副词not。
e.g. He wasnt out yesterday.
e.g. There wasnt anyone in the room just now.
一般过去时态疑问结构：简单提一下:
e.g. We met him last month. Did you meet him last month?
e.g. He was out. Was he out?
e.g. he wasnt out yesterday.Wasnt he out yesterday?
训练与领会：
Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. But in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms.
